Modified xylanases exhibiting increased thermophilicity and alkalophilicity

ABSTRACT

The present invention pertains to modified xylanase enzymes that exhibit increased thermostability and alkalophilicity, when compared with their native counterparts. Several modified xylanases exhibiting these properties are disclosed including xylanases with at least one modification at amino acid position 10, 27, 29, 75, 104, 105, 125, 129, 132, 135, 144, 157, 161, 162 or 165, or a combination thereof. Also included within the present invention is a modified xylanase that comprises at least one substituted amino acid residue and that may be characterized as having a maximum effective temperature (MET) between about 69° C. and about 78° C., wherein the modified xylanase is a Family 11 xylanase obtained from a Trichoderma sp. The present invention also includes a modified Family 11 xylanase obtained from a Trichoderma sp. characterized as having a maximum effective pH (MEP) between 5.8 and about 7.6. Modified xylanases characterized as having a MET between about 69° C. and about 78° C. and a MET between about 5.8 and 7.6 are also disclosed.

This application is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 10/307,441 filed Dec. 2, 2002 now abandoned, which is a U.S. national phase of PCT International application No. PCT/CA01/00769 filed May 31, 2001, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/213,803 filed May 31, 2000. The contents of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The present invention relates to modified xylanases. More specifically, the invention relates to modified xylanases with improved performance at conditions of high temperature and pH.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Xylanases are a group of enzymes with wide commercial utility. A major application of xylanases is for pulp biobleaching in the production of paper. In addition, xylanases have been used as clarifying agents in juices and wines, as enzymatic agents in the washing of precision devices and semiconductors (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,078,802), and they are also used for improving digestibility of poultry and swine feed.

In the manufacturing of pulp for the production of paper, fibrous material is subjected to high temperatures and pressures in the presence of chemicals. This treatment converts the fibers to pulp and is known as pulping. Following pulping, the pulp is bleached. Xylanase enzymes are used to enhance the bleaching of the pulp. The xylanase treatment allows subsequent bleaching chemicals such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, or combinations of these chemicals to bleach pulp more efficiently. Pretreatment of pulp with xylanase increases the whiteness and quality of the final paper product and reduces the amount of chlorine-based chemicals which must be used to bleach the pulp. This in turn decreases the chlorinated effluent produced by such processes.

The most important chemical pulping process is kraft pulp. For kraft pulp, following pulping, and prior to the treatment of pulp with xylanase, the pulp is at about a temperature of 55-70° C. and at a highly alkaline pH (e.g. Nissen et al., 1992). A drawback of many commercially available wild-type xylanases, is that these enzymes exhibit an acidic pH optimum and a temperature optimum of about 55° C. Therefore, in order to effectively utilize xylanases for bleaching applications, the pulp must be acidified to a pH approximating the optimal pH for the specific xylanase used. In addition, the hot pulp must be cooled to a temperature close to the optimal temperature for enzymatic activity of the selected xylanase. Decreasing pulp temperatures for xylanase treatment decreases the efficiency of the subsequent chemical bleaching. Acidification of pulp requires the use of large quantities of acids. Further, the addition of acids leads to corrosion, which lessens the lifetime of process equipment. Thus, xylanases optimally active at temperatures and pH conditions approximating the conditions of the pulp would be useful and beneficial in pulp manufacturing.

Xylanases which exhibit greater activity at higher temperatures could be used to treat pulp immediately following the pulping process, without the need to cool the pulp. Similarly, xylanases which exhibit greater activity at higher pH conditions would require less or no acid to neutralize the pulp. The isolation of, or the genetic manipulation of, xylanases with such properties would provide several advantages and substantial economic benefits within a variety of industrial processes.

Several approaches directed towards improving xylanase for use in pulp-bleaching within the prior art include the isolation of thermostable xylanases from extreme thermophiles that grow at 80-100° C., such as Caldocellum saccharolyticum, Thermatoga maritima and Thermatoga sp. Strain FJSS-B.1 (Lüthi et al. 1990; Winterhalter et al. 1995; Simpson et al. 1991). However, these thermostable xylanase enzymes are large, with molecular masses ranging from 35-120 kDa (320-1100 residues), and exhibit a reduced ability to penetrate the pulp mass compared with other smaller xylanases which exhibit better accessibility to pulp fibers. In addition, some of the extremely thermophilic xylanases, such as Caldocellum saccharolyticum xylanase A, exhibit both xylanase and cellulase activities (Lüthi et al. 1990). This additional cellulolytic activity is undesirable for pulp bleaching, due to its detrimental effect on cellulose, the bulk material in paper. Furthermore, hyper-thermostable xylanase enzymes which function normally at extremely high temperatures have low specific activities at temperatures in the range for optimal pulp bleaching (Simpson et al. 1991).

A number of xylanases have been modified by protein engineering to improve their properties for industrial applications. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,840 (Sung et al.), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,408 (Sung et al.) disclose mutations in the N-terminal region (residues 1-29) of Trichoderma reesei xylanase II (TrX). Three mutations, at residues 10, 27 and 29 of TrX, were found to increase the enzymatic activity of the xylanase enzyme at elevated temperatures and alkaline pH conditions.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,769 (Campbell et al.) discloses the modification of Bacillus circulans xylanase (BcX) using site-directed mutagenesis to improve the thermostability of the enzyme. The site specific mutations include replacing two amino acids with Cys residues to create intramolecular disulfide bonds. In addition, specific residues in the N-terminus of the enzyme were mutated which were also found to further improve the thermostability of the enzyme. In in vitro assays, the disulfide mutants showed thermostability at 62° C., an improvement of 7° C. over the native BcX xylanase enzyme. However, these thermostable disulfide mutants showed no gain in thermophilicity in laboratory assays in subsequent studies (Wakarchuck et al., 1994). Mutations T3G (i.e. threonine at position 3 replaced with Gly; BcX xylanase amino acid numbering), D4Y(F) and N8Y(F) near the N-terminus of the BcX xylanase enzyme provided thermostability to 57° C., an increase of 2° C. over the native BcX (U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,769). However, the use of these enzymes within industrial applications still requires cooling and acidification of pulp following pretreatment, prior to enzyme addition. Therefore, further increases in thermostability, thermophilicity and pH optima are still required.

There is a need in the prior art to obtain novel xylanases which exhibit increased enzymatic activity at elevated temperatures and pH conditions, suitable for industrial use. It is an object of the invention to overcome drawbacks in the prior art.

The above object is met by the combination of features of the main claim, the sub-claims disclose further advantageous embodiments of the invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to modified xylanases. More specifically, the invention relates to modified xylanases with improved performance at conditions of high temperature and pH.

This invention relates to a modified xylanase comprising at least one substituted amino acid residue at a position selected from the group consisting of amino acid 75, 104, 105, 125, 129, 132, 135, 144, 157, 161, 162, and 165 the position determined from sequence alignment of the modified xylanase with Trichoderma reesei xylanase II amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO:16. Preferably, the modified xylanase exhibits improved thermophilicity, alkalophilicity, or a combination thereof, in comparison to a corresponding native xylanase.

The present invention also provides for the modified xylanase as defined above wherein the at least one substituted amino acid residue is at position 75. Preferably the substituted amino acid is selected from the group consisting of Ala, Cys, Gly, and Thr.

The present invention also embraces the modified xylanase as defined above and further comprising a His at position 10, Met at position 27 and Leu at position 29.

According to the present invention there is also provided a modified xylanase comprising a substituted amino acid residue at position 105, the position determined from sequence alignment with Trichoderma reesei xylanase II amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO:16. Preferably, the substituted amino acid is selected from the group consisting of His, Lys, and Arg. The present invention also pertains to the modified xylanase just defined further comprising a His at position 10, Met at position 27 and Leu at position 29. The invention also includes the modified xylanase just defined further comprising a substituted amino acid residue at position 75.

This invention also includes a modified xylanase comprising a His at position 10, a Met at position 27, a Leu at position 29, a non-polar amino acid at positions 75 and 125, a non-polar amino acid at position 104, a polar amino acid at position 105, and an acidic amino acid at position 129. Preferably, the amino acid at position 75 is Ala, the amino acid at position 125 is selected from the group consisting of Ala, Cys, Gly, and Thr, the amino acid at position 125 is Glu. The amino acid at position 105 is selected from the group consisting of His, Lys, and Arg, and the amino acid residue at position 104 is Pro.

This invention further relates to a modified xylanase comprising a His at position 10, a Met at position 27, a Leu at position 29, a non-polar amino acid at positions 75 and 125, a polar amino acid at positions 105, 132 and 135, and an acidic amino acid at position 129. Furthermore, the modified xylanase as just defined may include a polar amino acid at position 144.

This invention includes a modified xylanase comprising a His at position 10, a Met at position 27, a Leu at position 29, a non-polar amino acid at positions 75 and 125, a polar amino acid at positions 105, 132, 135, 144, 157, 161, 162 and 165, and an acidic amino acid at position 129.

This invention embraces a modified xylanase comprising a His at position 10, a Met at position 27, a Leu at position 29, a non-polar amino acid at positions 75 and 125, a polar amino acid at positions 105, 132, 135, 157, 161, 162 and 165, and an acidic amino acid at position 129.

This invention also pertains to a modified xylanase comprising a His at position 10, a Met at position 27, a Leu at position 29, a non-polar amino acid at positions 75 and 125, and a polar amino acid at positions 105, 135, 144, 157, 161, 162 and 165.

The present invention is also directed to the modified xylanases, as defined above, wherein the modified xylanases are derived from a Family 11 xylanase, preferably a Trichoderma reesei xylanase.

The present invention pertains to a modified xylanase comprising at least one substituted amino acid residue, wherein the modified xylanase is characterized as having a maximum effective temperature (MET) between about 69° C. to about 78° C., and wherein the modified xylanase is a Family 11 xylanase obtained from a Trichoderma sp. Preferably, the MET is between about 70° to about 75° C.

This invention also includes a modified xylanase comprising at least one substituted amino acid residue, wherein the modified xylanase is characterized as having a maximum effective pH (MEP) between about pH 5.8 to about pH 7.6, and wherein the modified xylanase is a Family 11 xylanase obtained from a Trichoderma sp. Preferably, the MEP is between about pH 6.5 to about pH 7.4.

The present invention is directed to a modified xylanase comprising at least one substituted amino acid residue, wherein the modified xylanase is characterized as having a maximum effective temperature (MET) between about 69° C. to about 78° C., and a maximum effective pH (MEP) between about pH 5.8 to about pH 7.6. Preferably, the MET is between about 70° to about 75° C., and the MEP is between about pH 6.5 to about pH 7.4.

The present invention also relates to a modified xylanase selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   TrX-75A     -   TrX-157D-161R-162H-165H;     -   TrX-75A;     -   TrX-HML-105H;     -   TrX-HML-105R;     -   TrX-HML-105K;     -   TrX-HML-75A-105H;     -   TrX-HML-75A-105R;     -   TrX-HML-75C-105R;     -   TrX-HML-75G-105R;     -   TrX-HML-75T-105R     -   TrX-HML-125A;     -   TrX-HML-125A-129E;     -   TrX-HML-75G-105R-125A-129E (TrX-HML-GRAE);     -   TrX-HML-75A-105H-125A-129E (TrX-HML-AHAE);     -   TrX-HML-75G-105H-125A-129E (TrX-HML-GHAE);     -   TrX-HML-75A-105R-125A-129E (TrX-HML-ARAE);     -   TrX-HML-75G-104P-105R-125A-129E (TrX-HML-GPRAE);     -   TrX-HML-75G-104P-105H-125A-129E (TrX-HML-GPHAE);     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RR;     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR;     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR-DRHH;     -   TrX-HML-AHA-RR-DRHH; and     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RR-DRHH.

According to the present invention, there is provided a modified xylanase comprising at least one substituted amino acid residue, and characterized as having a maximum effective temperature (MET) between about 69° C. to about 78° C., wherein the modified xylanase is a Family 11 xylanase obtained from a Trichoderma sp. Furthermore the present invention relates to a modified Family 11 xylanase obtained from a Trichoderma sp. characterized as having a MET between about 70° to about 75° C. The present invention also includes the modified Family 11 xylanase obtained from a Trichoderma sp. characterized as having a MET between about 69° C. to about 78° C. and a maximum effective pH (MEP) between about 5.8 to about 7.6. This invention also pertains to the modified xylanase as just defined, wherein the MEP is between about 6.5 to about 7.4.

The present invention is directed to the use of the modified xylanase as defined above in an industrial process. Also included is an industrial process, wherein the industrial process comprises bleaching of pulp, processing of precision devices, or improving digestibility of poultry and swine feed.

This summary of the invention does not necessarily describe all necessary features of the invention but that the invention may also reside in a subcombination of the described features.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 shows an amino acid sequence alignment among Family 11 xylanases, where Bp—Bacillus pumilus (SEQ ID NO:4); Ca—Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 XynB (SEQ ID NO:6); Cs—Clostridium stercorarium xynA (SEQ ID NO:7); Rf—Ruminococcus flavefaciens (SEQ ID NO:8); Tr2—Trichoderma reesei xyn2 (SEQ ID NO:16); Tv—Trichoderma viride (SEQ ID NO:17); Th—Trichoderma harzianum (SEQ ID NO:14); Sc—Schizophyllum commune xynA (SEQ ID NO:9); An—Aspergillus niger, var. awamori (SEQ ID NO:1); At—Aspergillus tubigensis (SEQ ID NO:2); Tr1—Trichoderma reesei xyn1 (SEQ ID NO:15); Aa—Aspergillus awamori var. kawachi xyn B (SEQ ID NO:19); Fs—Fibrobacter succinogenes xyn II (SEQ ID NO:18); Ss—Streptomyces sp. 36a (SEQ ID NO:12); S1B—Streptomyces lividans xynB (SEQ ID NO:10); S1C—Streptomyces lividans xynC (SEQ ID NO:11); T1—Thermomyces lanuginosus xyn (SEQ ID NO:20); Tf—Thermomonospora fusca TfxA (SEQ ID NO:13); Bc—Bacillus circulans (SEQ ID NO:3); and Bs—Bacillus subtilis (SEQ ID NO:5). The amino acid numbering is compared with Trichoderma reesei xylanase II (Tr2) as indicated at the top of the sequences. The residues at position 75 and 105 (relative to Tr2) are in italics and indicated with an asterisk. The amino acids common to at least 75% of the listed Family 11 xylanases are indicated in bold. The residues common to all Family 11 xylanases are underlined. For xylanases with a cellulose-binding domain, only the catalytic core sequences are presented.

FIG. 2 shows the nucleotide sequence of TrX xylanase (SEQ ID NO:39), and the synthetic oligonucleotides TrX(1-91) and TrX (92-190) (SEQ ID NOs:54 to 57) used to construct the sequence encoding the Trichoderma reesei xylanase II enzyme (TrX) in the plasmid pTrX.

FIG. 3 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanase TrX-75A, compared with TrX, at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 4 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanases TrX-HML, TrX-HML-75A, TrX-HML-105H and TrX-HML-75A-105H, at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 5 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanases TrX-HML, TrX-HML-105K, TrX-HML-105R, TrX-HML-105H, TrX-HML-75A-105R and TrX-HML-75A-105H at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 6 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanases TrX-HML, TrX-HML-105R, TrX-HML-75T-105R, TrX-HML-75G-105R, TrX-HML-75A-105R and TrX-HML 75C-105R at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 7 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanase enzyme TrX-HML, TrX-HML-125A, TrX-HML 125A129E and TrX-HML75G-105R-125A129E (TrX-HML-GRAE) at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 8 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanase enzymes:

-   -   TRX-HML;     -   TrX-HML-105H;     -   TrX-HML-75A-105H-125A129E (TrX-HML-AHAE);     -   TrX-HML-75G-105H-125A129E (TrX- HML-GHAE); and     -   TrX-HML-75A-105R-125A129E (TrX-HML-ARAE)         at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to         the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 9 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanase enzymes:

-   -   TrX-HML-75G-104P-105R-125A129E (TrX-HML-GPRAE);     -   TrX-HML-75G-104P-105H-125A129E (TrX-HML-GPHARE); and     -   TrX-HML-75G-105R-125A129E (TrX-HML-GRAE)         at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to         the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 10 shows the pH profile of modified xylanase enzyme TrX-75A compared with native TrX, over pH 4.0-6.5, at 55° C. during 30 min incubation. The data are normalized to the pH exhibiting optimal activity for each enzyme.

FIG. 11 shows the pH profiles of modified xylanases TrX-HML, TrX-HML-75A, TrX-HML-105H and TrX-HML-75A-105H over pH 4-7, at 65° C. during 30 min incubation. The data are normalized to the pH exhibiting optimal activity for each enzyme.

FIG. 12 shows the pH profile of modified xylanases TrX-HML, TrX-HML-105K, TrX-HML-105R, TrX-HML-105H and TrX-HML-75A-105H over pH 4-7, at 65° C. during 30 min incubation. The data are normalized to the pH exhibiting optimal activity for each enzyme.

FIG. 13 shows the pH profile of modified xylanases:

-   -   TRX-HML;     -   TrX-HML-105R;     -   TrX-HML-75T-105R, TrX-HML-75G-105R;     -   TrX-HML-75A-105R; and     -   TrX-75C-105R         over pH 4-7, at 65° C. during 30 min incubations. The data are         normalized to that observed at the pH for optimal activity of         the enzyme.

FIG. 14 shows the pH profile of modified xylanases:

-   -   TrX-HML;     -   TrX-HML-105H;     -   TrX-HML-75A-105H;     -   TrX-HML-75A-105H-125A129E (TrX-HML-AHAE); and     -   TrX-HML-75G-105H-125A129E (TrX-HML-GHAE)         over pH 4-7, at 65° C. during 30 min incubations. The data are         normalized to the pH exhibiting optimal activity for each         enzyme.

FIG. 15 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanase TrX-157D-161R-162H-165H, compared with TrX, at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 16 shows the pH profile of modified xylanase enzyme TrX-157D-161R-162H-165H compared with native TrX, over pH 4.0-6.5, at 55° C. during 30 min incubation. The data are normalized to the pH exhibiting optimal activity for each enzyme.

FIG. 17 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanases:

-   -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RR; and     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR         at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to         the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 18 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanases:

-   -   TrX-HML-AHA-RR-DRHH;     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RR-DRHH; and     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR-DRHH         at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to         the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 19 shows the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of modified xylanases:

-   -   TrX;     -   TRX-HML     -   TrX-HML-AHAE     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR-DRHH;     -   TrX-HML-AHA-RR-DRHH; and     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RR-DRHH         at pH 5.5 during 30 min incubations. The data are normalized to         the activity observed at 40° C.

FIG. 20 shows the maximum effective temperature (MET) and maximum effective pH (MEP) values of several of the modified enzymes of the present invention. The MET and MEP are the highest temperature and pH, respectively, at which a xylanase exhibits at least 80% of its optimal activity (using xylan as a substrate; see method for complete details of assays). These data points were obtained from the data presented in FIGS. 5 to 14.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The present invention relates to modified xylanases. More specifically, the invention relates to modified xylanases with improved performance at conditions of high temperature and pH.

The following description is of a preferred embodiment by way of example only and without limitation to the combination of features necessary for carrying the invention into effect.

The mechanism by which xylanases facilitate bleaching of pulp is not fully understood. It has been postulated that the coloured lignin is connected to crystalline cellulose through xylan and xylanase enzymes facilitate bleaching of pulp by hydrolysing xylan, releasing coloured lignin in the pulp. Modified xylanases, as outlined herein, may be used for the purposes of bleaching pulp or other applications requiring activities at temperatures and pH above that of the wild-type enzyme. For the biobleaching of pulp, the preferred xylanase is derived from a xylanase classified in Family 11 (see Table 1); however, the modifications disclosed herein need not be limited to only Family 11 xylanases and may include other xylanase enzymes.

Family 11 xylanase enzymes are a group of small enzymes of relatively low molecular mass (approximately 20 kDa, and about 200 amino acid residues. The small size associated with Family 11 xylanases permits ready penetration of the pulp mass. Furthermore, Family 11 xylanases are free of cellulase activity.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to a modified Family 11 xylanase obtained from a Trichoderma sp. comprising at least one substituted amino acid residue, and characterized as having a maximum effective temperature (MET) between about 69° C. to about 78° C. Preferably, the modified xylanase is characterized as having a MET between about 70° to about 75° C. This invention also includes a modified xylanase comprising at least one substituted amino acid residue, and is characterized as having a maximum effective pH (MEP) between about 5.8 to about 7.6. Preferably, the MEP is between about 6.5 to about 7.4.

This invention also pertains to a modified xylanase obtained from Trichoderma, comprising at least one substituted amino acid, and characterized as having a maximum effective temperature (MET) between about 69° C. to about 78° C., and a maximum effective pH (MEP) is between about 5.8 to about 7.6. Preferably the MET is between about 70° to about 75° C., and the MEP is between about 6.5 to about 7.4.

By “maximum effective temperature” or “MET” it is meant the highest temperature at which a xylanase exhibits at least 80% of its optimal activity. This test is typically carried out using xylan as a substrate at pH 5.5, and for a 30 min period. Results from assays used to characterize modified xylanases are presented in FIGS. 3 to 9 and involved a 30 min incubation at pH 5.5. A summary of the MET of several enzymes of the present invention, determined from FIGS. 3 to 9 is presented in FIG. 20. Experiments demonstrate that the MET of a xylanase differs on different substrates. Therefore, it is to be understood that with different substrates, different MET values will be obtained (data not presented). For the purposes of evaluating xylanases of the present invention, the xylan substrate is used (see Examples 3 and 4).

By “maximum effective pH” or “MEP” it is meant the highest pH at which a xylanase exhibits at least 80% of its optimal activity. This test is carried out using xylan as a substrate, at 65° C., and for a 30 min period. Results from assays used to characterize modified xylanases are presented in FIGS. 10 to 14 and 16 to 19 and involved a 30 min incubation at 65° C. A summary of the MEP of several enzymes of the present invention is presented in FIG. 20. Experiments demonstrate that the MEP of a xylanase differs on different substrates. For example, on kraft pulp prepared from soft wood or hardwood, a MEP of 8.5 has been observed (data not presented). Therefore, it is to be understood that with different substrates, different MEP values will be obtained. For the purposes of evaluating xylanases of the present invention, the xylan substrate is used (see Examples 4 and 5).

TABLE 1 Family 11 xylanase enzymes Microbe Xylanase SEQ ID NO Aspergillus niger Xyn A SEQ ID NO: 1 Aspargillus awamori var. kawachi Xyn B SEQ ID NO: 19 Aspergillus kawachii Xyn C — Aspergillus tubigensis Xyn A SEQ ID NO: 2 Bacillus circulans Xyn A SEQ ID NO: 3 Bacillus pumilus Xyn A SEQ ID NO: 4 Bacillus subtilis Xyn A SEQ ID NO: 5 Cellulomonas fimi Xyn D — Chainia spp. Xyn — Clostridium acetobutylicum Xyn B SEQ ID NO: 6 Clostridium stercorarium Xyn A SEQ ID NO: 7 Fibrobacter succinognees Xyn II SEQ ID NO: 18 Neocallimasterix patriciarum Xyn A — Nocardiopsis dassonvillei Xyn II — Ruminococcus flavefaciens Xyn A SEQ ID NO: 8 Schizophyllum cimmune Xyn SEQ ID NO: 9 Streptomyces lividans Xyn B SEQ ID NO: 10 Streptomyces lividans Xyn C SEQ ID NO: 11 Streptomyces sp. No. 36a Xyn SEQ ID NO: 12 Streptomyces thermoviolaceus Xyn II — Thermomonospora fusca Xyn A SEQ ID NO: 13 Thermomyces lanuginosus Xyn SEQ ID NO: 20 Trichoderma harzianum Xyn SEQ ID NO: 14 Trichoderma reesei Xyn I SEQ ID NO: 15 Trichoderma reesei Xyn II SEQ ID NO: 16 Trichoderma viride Xyn SEQ ID NO: 17

Family 11 xylanases share extensive amino acid sequence similarity (FIG. 1). Structural studies of several Family 11 xylanases indicate that Family 11 xylanases from bacterial and fungal origins share the same general molecular structure (U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,769; Arase et al 1993). In addition, most Family 11 xylanases identified so far exhibit three types of secondary structure, including beta-sheets, turns and a single alpha helix. The helix of Trichoderma reesei xylanase II enzyme encompasses the region from amino acid 151 to amino acid 162 (Torronen et. al. 1995).

A xylanase is classified as a Family 11 xylanase if it comprises amino acids common to other Family 11 xylanases, including two glutamic acid (E) residues which may serve as catalytic residues. The glutamic acid residues are found at positions 86 and 177 (see FIG. 1; based on Tr2 (Trichoderma reesei xylanase II enzyme) amino acid numbering).

Most of the Family 11 xylanases identified thus far are mesophilic and have low-molecular masses (20 kDa). However, this family also includes at least two thermostable xylanases of higher molecular mass, Thermomonospora fusca xylanase A (TfX-A) of296 amino acids and a molecular mass of approximately 32 kDa (Irwin et. al., 1994); Wilson et al. 1994, WO 95/12668) and Clostridium stercorarium xylanase A of 511 amino acids and a molecular mass of approximately 56 Kda. The Clostridium stercorarium xylanase A enzyme exhibits maximum activity at a temperature of 70° C. (Sakka et al., 1993).

The large thermostable Family 11 xylanases differ from the small mesophilic enzymes by the possession of a hydrophobic cellulose-binding domain (CBD) in the extended C-terminus of the enzyme. The TfX-A enzyme is composed of a catalytic core sequence of 189 residues common to all Family 11 xylanases, and a cellulose binding domain of 107 residues. The larger C. stercorarium xylanase A has two copies of the cellulose binding domain.

Site-directed mutagenesis has been used in the present invention to produce mutations in xylanases which render the enzyme more thermophilic and alkalophilic compared to the native enzyme. Preferably, the mutant xylanase is one derived from a Family 11 xylanase. More preferably, the mutant xylanase of the present invention comprises a mutant Trichoderma reesei xylanase II enzyme.

Therefore, it is considered within the scope of the present invention that xylanases, including Family 11 xylanases for example but not limited to Trichoderma reesei xylanase II, Trichoderma reesei xylanase I, Trichoderma viride xylanase, Streptomyces lividans xylanase B and Streptomyces lividans xylanase C, may be modified following the general approach and methodology as outlined herein. It is also considered within the scope of the present invention that non-Family 11 xylanases may also be modified following the general principles as described herein in order to obtain a xylanase enzyme that exhibits thermophilicity and alkalophilicity.

By the term “thermophilicity” it is meant that an enzyme is active, or more active, at a higher temperature when compared with the activity of another enzyme when all other conditions remain constant. For example, xylanase 1 exhibits increased thermophilicity compared to xylanase 2 if xylanase 1 is capable of, or is more active in, hydrolysing xylan at a higher temperature than xylanase 2, under identical conditions using the same substrate. As most xylanases are effective at a higher temperature when hydrolysing pure xylan rather than pulp, comparative analysis should be made using the same substrate. Quantitative measures of thermophilicity referred to herein use pure xylan substrates unless otherwise indicated.

By “thermostability” it is meant the ability of an enzyme to be stored or incubated at high temperature conditions, typically in the absence of substrate, and then exhibit activity when returned to standard assay conditions. For example, xylanase 1 is said to display increased thermostability compared to xylanase 2 if xylanase 1 retains a greater amount of activity than xylanase 2 after being maintained at a certain temperature (typically a higher temperature), for example but not limited to, 70° C. for 24 hours, followed by assay at a lower temperature. In contrast to thermophilicity, thermostability relates to the remaining enzyme activity following an incubation in the absence of substrate.

These use of these two terms (thermophilicity and thermostability) has been confused within the prior art as they have been used interchangeably. However, the use of the terms as defined herein is consistent with the usage of the terms in the art (Mathrani and Ahring, 1992).

By “alkalophilicity” it is meant that an enzyme is active, or more active, at a higher pH when compared with the activity of another enzyme when all other conditions remain constant. For example, xylanase 1 exhibits increased alkalophilicity compared to xylanase 2 if xylanase 1 is capable of hydrolysing xylan at a higher pH than xylanase 2. Typically alkalophilicity relates to enzyme activity in the presence of xylan substrate.

By “TrX numbering” it is meant the numbering associated with the position of amino acids based on the amino acid sequence of TrX (Xyn II—Table 1; Tr2—FIG. 1; SEQ ID NO:16). As disclosed below and as is evident upon review of FIG. 1, Family 11 xylanases exhibit a substantial degree of sequence similarity. Therefore, by aligning the amino acids to optimize the sequence similarity between xylanase enzymes and by using the amino acid numbering of TrX as the basis for numbering, the positions of amino acids within other xylanase enzymes can be determined relative to TrX.

By modified xylanase, it is meant the alteration of a xylanase molecule using techniques that are known to one of skill in the art. These techniques include, but are not limited to, site directed mutagenesis, cassette mutagenesis, random mutagenesis, synthetic oligonucleotide construction, cloning and other genetic engineering techniques.

As described in more detail herein, several mutant xylanases have been prepared that exhibit increased thermophilicity, alkalophilicity and thermostability when compared to native xylanase. A list of several of mutants, which is not to be considered limiting in any manner, is presented in Table 2.

Furthermore, the present is directed to a modified Family 11 xylanase obtained from a Trichoderma sp. that comprises at least one substituted amino acid residue, and characterized as having a maximum effective temperature (MET) between about 69° C. to about 78° C. Preferably, the modified xylanase is characterized as having a MET between about 70° to about 75° C. This invention also pertains to a modified xylanase obtained from Trichoderma, comprising at least one substituted amino acid, and characterized as having a maximum effective pH (MEP) between about 5.8 to about 7.6. Preferably the MEP is between about 6.5 to about 7.4. This invention also pertains to a modified xylanase obtained from Trichoderma, comprising at least one substituted amino acid, and characterized as having a maximum effective temperature (MET) between about 69° C. to about 78° C., and a maximum effective pH (MEP) is between about 5.8 to about 7.6. Preferably the MET is between about 70° to about 75° C., and the MEP is between about 6.5 to about 7.4.

Determination of the MET and MEP of a xylanase may be carried out as follows:

-   -   i) measure the temperature profile of a xylanase as outlined in         Example 3. The temperatures for which at least 80% of the         optimal (maximum) activity are determined, and the highest         temperature is the MET;     -   ii) measure the pH profile of a xylanase as outlined in         Example 4. The pH for which at least 80% of the optimal         (maximum) activity is determined, and the highest pH is the MEP.         These values may then be plotted as shown in FIG. 20.

TABLE 2 Modified xylanases Xylanase Description SEQ ID NO TrX-75A TrX with Ser at position 75 replaced with Ala (S75A) SEQ ID: 59 TrX-105H TrX with Leu at position 105 replaced with His (L105H) SEQ ID: 60 TrX-HML TrX with N10H, Y27M, and N29L (see U.S. 5,759,840) SEQ ID: 61 TrX-HML-105H TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L and L105H — TrX-HML-105K TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L and L105K — TrX-HML-105R TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L and L105R — TrX-HML-75A TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L and S75A SEQ ID: 62 TrX-HML-75A-105H TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75A, and L105H SEQ ID: 63 TrX-HML-75A-105R TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75A and L105R SEQ ID: 64 TrX-HML-75C-105R TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75C and L105R SEQ ID: 65 TrX-HML-75G-105R TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75G and L105R SEQ ID: 66 TrX-HML-75T-105R TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75T and L105R SEQ ID: 67 TrX-HML-125A TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L and Q125A — TrX-HML-125A129E TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, Q125A and I129E — TrX-HML-GRAE TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75G, L105R, Q125A and SEQ ID: 68 I129E TrX-HML-AHAE TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75A, L105H, Q125A and SEQ ID: 69 I129E TrX-HML-GHAE TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75G, L105H, Q125A and SEQ ID: 70 I129E TrX-HML-ARAE TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75A, L105R, Q125A and SEQ ID: 71 I129E TrX-HML-GPRAE TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75G, K104P, L105R, Q125A SEQ ID: 72 and I129E TrX-HML-GPHAE TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75G, K104P, L105H, Q125A SEQ ID: 73 and I129E TrX-HML-AHAE-RR TrX N10R, Y27M, N29L, S75A, L105H, Q125A, I129E, SEQ ID: 74 A132R, and Y135R TrX-HML-AHAE- TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75A, L105H, Q125A, I129E, SEQ ID: 75 RRR A132R, Y135R, and H144R TrX-157D-161R- TrX N157D, Q161R, Q162H, and T165H — 162H-165H TrX-HML-AHAE- TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75A, L105H, Q125A, I129E, SEQ ID: 76 RRR-DRHH A132R, Y135R, H144R, N157D, Q161R, Q162H, and T165H TrX-HML-AHA-RR- TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75A, L105H, Q125A, Y135R, SEQ ID: 77 DRHH H144R, N157D, Q161R, Q162H, and T165H TrX-HML-AHAE- TrX N10H, Y27M, N29L, S75A, L105H, Q125A, SEQ ID: 78 RR-DRHH I129E, Y135R, H144R, N157D, Q161R, Q162H, and T165H

Substitution at position 75 or 105 does not change the specific activity of the xylanase enzyme compared to that of native xylanase (see Table 4, Example 3). Similarly, mutations at position 157, 161, 162, and 165 do not change the specific activity on the modified xylanase.

Increasing the Thermophilicity of Xylanase

The mutant TrX-75A, bearing a single S75A mutation, showed greater enzymatic activity than the native TrX xylanase at 50, 55, 60 and 65° C. (FIG. 3). Further, the S75A mutation in the TrX-HML-75A mutant xylanase exhibited greater enzymatic activity than the TrX-HML parent xylanase at 70° C. and 75° C. (FIG. 4). These results suggest that the S75A mutation improves the thermophilicity of TrX and TrX-HML xylanases.

The Ser to Ala mutation at position 75 (S75A) improves the thermophilicity for both TrX-75A and TrX-HML-75A xylanases in comparison to their native counterparts. The S75A mutation represents a change from a Ser amino acid bearing a side-chain which is relatively polar and hydrophilic to an Ala residue which bears a small and relatively nonpolar side-chain. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is possible that replacing the polar serine amino acid with the smaller nonpolar Ala residue enhances intramolecular packing of the xylanase. The enhanced intramolecular packing of the tertiary structure of xylanase may in turn improve van der Waals interactions between closely positioned a polar substituents. The result of such improved intramolecular packing is an increase in the thermophilicity of the enzyme. In. such cases, higher temperatures are required to denature and inactivate the mutant xylanase.

Substitution of position 157 with an acidic amino acid, and positions, 161, 162, and 165 with a basic amino acid, for example, but not limited to, replacing Asn at 157 with Asp (N157D), Ala at position 161 with Arg (A161R), Gln at position 162 with His (Q162H), and Thr at position 165 with His (T165H) to produce TrX-157D-161R-162H-165H may result in a slight increase in the thermophilicity of this enzyme over that of the parent TrX enzyme (FIG. 15).

Similarly, mutation of Leu 105 to His (L105H) in TrX-HML xylanase to produce the TrX-HML-105H mutant xylanase exhibits increased enzymatic activity over the parent TrX-HML xylanase at 70 and 75° C. (FIG. 4).

The Leu to His mutation at position 105 (L105H) improves the thermophilicity of TrX-HML-105H in comparison to TrX-HML xylanase. The L105H mutation represents a change from Leu, which is a hydrophobic, branched-chain amino acid to His bearing a relatively bulky, polar imidazole side-chain. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the L105H mutation introduces a reasonably bulky, planar amino acid capable of hydrogen bonding with other amino acids in the same vicinity of the molecule, possibly enhancing the intramolecular packing of atoms in the enzyme and thereby stabilizing the tertiary structure of the enzyme. Further, the imidazole side-chain may be protonated in the assay conditions to give the conjugate acid of imidazole. The protonated imidazole moiety may partake in attractive electrostatic interactions within the three dimensional tertiary structure of the xylanase and thereby stabilize its tertiary structure.

The combined mutant xylanase, TrX-HML-75A-105H, exhibited a maximum enzymatic activity at a temperature of 70° C. and further showed greater enzymatic activity than either TrX-HML-75A or TrX-HML-105H single mutant xylanases at 70° C. (FIG. 4). These results indicate that the effects of the S75A and L105H mutations, on the thermophilicity of the mutant xylanase, are additive or complementary.

A series of TrX-HML xylanases bearing mutations at position-105 were constructed to determine those amino acid residues which enhance the thermophilicity of the parent TrX-HML enzyme (FIG. 5). Three mutants at position 105, TrX-HML-105H, TrX-HML-105R and TrX-HML-105K, showed greater enzymatic activity than the precursor TrX-HML enzyme from about 60° C. or higher. The native xylanase comprises a Leu at position 105, a relatively hydrophobic branched-chain amino acid. Mutant xylanases wherein position 105 is substituted with a hydrophilic, positively charged or basic amino acid, for example His, Arg or Lys exhibited enhanced thermophilicity.

The combination mutant TrX-HML-75A-105R xylanase showed a similar temperature-activity profile to TrX-HML-75A-105H xylanase, suggesting that the S75A and L105R mutations, like those of the S75A and L105H mutations are additive or complementary. These results further suggest that basic residues at position 105 enhance the thermophilicity of the xylanases.

Due to the observed increase in thermophilicity associated with mutations involving position 75, combination mutants were also examined involving different substitutions at position 75, along with L105R. Three genetically modified xylanase mutants, TrX-HML-75C-105R, TrX-HML-75A-105R and TrX-HML-75G-105R showed greater enzymatic activity than either the precursor TrX-HML-105R xylanase or the TrX-HML xylanase at temperatures greater than about 60° C. (FIG. 6). A fourth mutant TrX-HML-75T-105R xylanase showed no enhancement in thermophilicity over the precursor TrX-HML-105R xylanase that has a natural Ser residue at position 75. The mutant threonine residue at position 75, like the natural Ser 75 residue found in TrX and TrX-HML parent xylanases, is a hydrophilic amino acid. Collectively, the mutations which involve replacing Ser at position 75 with small, nonpolar amino acids, such as but not wishing to be limiting Ala or Gly lead to an increase in the thermophilicity of the xylanase.

A series of mutant xylanases were also constructed with mutations Gln-125 to Ala and Ile-129 to Glu. The new mutants showed an increase of enzymatic activity at higher temperatures, as compared to their precursor xylanases (see FIGS. 7 to 9). These include (see Table 2 for complete description of modified enzymes):

-   -   TrX-HML-125A;     -   TrX-HML-125A129E;     -   TrX-HML-GRAE;     -   TrX-HML-AHAE;     -   TrX-HML-GHAE;     -   TrX-HML-ARAE;     -   TrX-HML-GPHAE; and     -   TrX-HML-GPRAE.

In some organisms, the expression and recovery of these modified xylanases may be reduced or not possible due to the synthesis of sites within the protein that reduce expression or recovery of the modified xylanase. This reduced recovery may vary depending upon the host within which the modified enzyme is expressed. For example, which is not to be construed as limiting, alterations of the amino acid sequence may produce a proteolytic cleavage site that is recognized by a protease in certain, but not all hosts. In order to overcome this problem adjacent amino acids, on one or both sides of the site comprising the desired mutation, may be modified in order to attend to any host-specific difficulty for the expression and recovery of a modified xylanase. Preferably, the additional amino acids that are altered do not negate the effect of the initially substituted amino acid in increasing the thermophilicity, or alkalophilicity, or both the thermophilicity and alkalophilicity, of the enzyme. For example, which is not to be considered limiting in any manner, a modified xylanase comprising a substitution of L105R, can be produced from E. coli, however, the recovery of this enzyme is reduced in Trichoderma, and Aspergillus due to endogenous KEX protease activity recognizing the amino acid combination “Lys-Arg” at positions 104 and 105 respectively. In this case, the amino acid at position 104 may be substituted for by an alternate amino acid, for example a non-polar amino acid as in modified xylanases TrX-HML-GPHAE, or TrX-HML-GPRAE. As shown in FIG. 14, the substitution of Lys at position 104 by Pro does not affect the thermophilicity or alkalophilicity of these modified xylanase. It is to be understood that other proteases may recognize other amino acid combinations that may be produced when preparing the modified xylanases as described herein. Therefore, the present invention also pertains to a modified xylanase comprising one or more substituted amino acids adjacent to the amino acids as described herein.

This invention therefore includes a modified xylanase comprising a His at position 10, a Met at position 27, a Leu at position 29, and at least one of:

-   -   a non-polar amino acid at positions 75, 104, or 125, or a         combination thereof;     -   a polar amino acid at position 105; and     -   an acidic amino acid at position 129.         Preferably, the amino acid at position 75 is Ala, the amino acid         at position 125 is selected from the group consisting of Ala,         Cys, Gly, and Thr, the amino acid at position 125is Glu, the         amino acid at position 105 is selected from the group consisting         of His, Lys, and Arg, and the amino acid residue at position 104         is Pro.         Increasing the Alkalophilicity of Xylanase

The effect of pH conditions on the enzymatic activity of single mutant TrX-75A xylanase is shown in FIG. 10. At 55° C., the TrX-75A mutant xylanase displays an increase in activity above pH 5.5 when compared to the native TrX enzyme over the same pH range. A similar contribution to improved alkalophilicity by the substitution of Ser for Ala at position 75 (TrX-75A) was also observed for the TrX-HML-75A over the parent TrX-HML xylanase at pH conditions between 6.5 and 7 (FIG. 11).

An increase in alkalophilicity, with an increase in activity over pH from about 5.2 to a pH of about 6.5 is also observed in TrX-157D-161R-162H-165H, when compared with that of the native TrX over the same pH range (FIG. 16).

The L105H mutation in the TrX-HML-105H mutant xylanase also increased the enzymatic activity over the parent TrX-HML xylanase at pH 6.5 and 7.0 (FIG. 11). Interestingly, the combination mutant TrX-HML-75A-105H xylanase showed greater enzymatic activity than either TrX-HML-75A or TrX-HML-105H single mutant xylanases at pH 6.5 and 7.0 (FIG. 11), suggesting that the effects of the S75A mutation and the L105H mutation on the alkalophilicity of the xylanase are additive or complementary.

A series of genetically modified xylanases modified at position 105 were constructed to determine those residues which promote increased alkalophilicity in modified xylanases (FIG. 12). Three mutant xylanases bearing three mutations at position 75, TrX-105H, TrX-HML-105R and TrX-HML-105K showed greater enzymatic activity than the precursor TrX-HML xylanase at pH conditions of 6.5 and 7.0. Collectively, the mutations which lead to increases in alkalophilicity, represent a change from a branched chain relatively hydrophobic Leu residue to a residue which is hydrophilic, positively charged or basic.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the hydrophilic, positively charged, or basic residues may facilitate intramolecular packing with other atoms that are juxtapositioned in the same vicinity in the tertiary structure of the xylanase. These residues may stabilize the three dimensional structure of the enzyme against structural perturbations in the molecule which may arise via the titration of several ionizable side-chains of amino aids in other regions of the molecule. Again, without wishing to be bound by theory, the basic ionized form of the side chain may be important in altering the pH activity profile of the enzyme, as at pH conditions between 6 and 7, Arg and Lys residues have side-chains which likely remain protonated. In contrast, His residues having a pKa of approximately 6 in solution for its imidazole moiety could be present in either a protonated or unprotonated form. However, it is known to those skilled in the art that the polarity of the substituents surrounding an amino acid side chain may affect its pKa value. For example, the side chain of a His residue in a polar or hydrophobic region of a protein may exhibit a pKa of 6 whereas the same side-chain in a hydrophobic or apolar environment may exhibit a pKa of 7 or greater.

In another study, mutations were constructed at position 75 of TrX-HML to determine which residues promote increased alkalophilicity in modified xylanases (FIG. 13). Four xylanases bearing mutations at position 75, TrX-HML-75C-105R, TrX-HML-75A-105R, TrX-HML-75G-105R and TrX-HML-75T-105R showed greater enzymatic activity at pH conditions of 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0, compared to the precursors TrX-HML and TrX-HML-105R xylanases.

The mutations Q125A and 129E that enhanced the thermophilicity of xylanases, are compatible to the mutations at positions 75 and 105 described above, as the combination mutants like TrX-HML-75G-105H-125A129E possessing these two mutations generally maintained the pH/activity profile of the precursor xylanase TrX-HML-75G-105H (FIG. 14).

A series of mutant xylanases were also constructed with mutations Gln-125 to Ala, and Ile-129 to Glu. The new mutants showed an increase of enzymatic activity at higher pH, as compared to their precursor xylanases (see FIGS. 11 to 14 and 17-19). These include (see Table 2 for complete description of modified enzymes):

-   -   TrX-HML-125A;     -   TrX-HML-125A129E;     -   TrX-HML-GRAE;     -   TrX-HML-AHAE;     -   TrX-HML-GHAE;     -   TrX-HML-ARAE;     -   TrX-HML-GPHAE;     -   TrX-HML-GPRAE;     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RR;     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR;     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR-DRHH;     -   TrX-HML-AHA-RR-DRHH; and     -   TrX-HML-AHAE-RR-DRHH

Mutant xylanases comprising a basic amino acid at positions 132 and 135, in addition to the substitutions describe above, including HML-75A-105H-125A-129E, exhibited an increase in alkalophilicity. Similarly, a mutant comprising a basic amino acid at positions 132, 135 and 144, also exhibited an increase in alkalophilicity. Examples of modified xylanase comprising these mutations include TrX-HML-AHAE-RR, and TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR (FIG. 17).

Further modifications were made to xylanases in order to increase the alkalophilicity of the enzyme. For example, the substitution of an acidic amino acid at position 157, basic amino acid at positions 161, 162 and 165 with or without basic amino acid substitutions at positions. 132, 135 and 144 also increased alkalophilicity. For example, TrX-HML-AHAE-RR-DRHH, or TrX--HML-AHAE-RRR-DRHH each exhibited an increase in alkalophilicity (FIGS. 18, 19) and a MEP of about 7.0 (FIG. 20), when compared with TrX-HML-AHAE, which comprises a MEP of about 6.5, or TrX, with a MEP of about 5.6.

A further increase in alkalophilicity over those outlined above was also obtained by substitution of an acidic amino acid at position 157, and substituting a basic amino acid at positions 135, 144, 161, 162, 165, and leaving the ammo acid at positions 129 and 132 in their native state, for example, TrX-HML-AHA-RR-DRHH (FIGS. 18 and 19). This enzyme exhibits a MEP of about 7.4.

The breadth of the pH optimum for TrX-HML-AHAE is much broader when compared to the pH profile of TrX (e.g. see FIG. 19). Several of the modified xylanases of the present invention exhibit a breadth in the pH optimum approaching that of the breadth of native TrX, however, the pH optimum of these modified xylanases is shifted, with an increase of about at least 1 pH unit (FIG. 19) when compared to that of TrX. TrX exhibits 80% of its optimal activity from about pH 4.8 to about pH 5.6 (pH optimum at 80% activity over 0.8 pH units). TrX-HML-AHAE exhibits a much broader pH range where 80% of its optimal activity ranges from about pH 4.8 to about pH 6.5 (about 1.7 pH units). The range of 80% of optimal activity for TrX-HML-AHAE-RR and TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR, is from about 5.4 to about 6.6 (about 1.2 pH units; FIG. 17), for TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR-DRHH and TrX-HML-AHAE-RR-DRHH is from about pH 5.8 to about 7.0 (about 1.2 pH units), and for TrX-HML-AHA-RR-DRHH is from about 5.9 to about 7.4 (about 1.5 pH units; see FIGS. 18 and 19).

Therefore, this invention also pertains to a modified xylanase comprising a His at position 10, a Met at position 27, a Leu at position 29, and at least one of:

-   -   a non-polar amino acid at position 75, 104, or 125 or a         combination thereof;     -   a polar amino acid at position 105;     -   an acidic amino acid at positions 129 and 157; and     -   a basic amino acid at positions 132, 135, 144, 161, 162, or 165,         or a combination thereof.         Preferably, the amino acid at position 75 is Ala, the amino acid         at position 125 is selected from the group consisting of Ala,         Cys, Gly, and Thr, the amino acid at position 125 is Glu. The         amino acid at position 105 is selected from the group consisting         of His, Lys, and Arg, the amino acid residue at position 104 is         Pro, the amino acid at position 132, 135, 144 and 161 is Arg,         the amino acid at position 157 is Asp, and the amino acid at         position 162 and 165 is His.

In summary, improved alkalophilic mutant TrX xylanases may be constructed through:

-   -   i) mutation of Ser 75 to a small non-polar residue, for example,         but not limited to Ala. Furthermore, position 75 may be         substituted by polar residues, for example, but not limited to         Gly, Cys and Thr;     -   ii) mutation of Leu 105 to a basic residue such as but not         limited to Arg, Lys or His;     -   iii) mutation of Gln 125 to Ala;     -   iv) mutation of Ile 129 to Glu;     -   v) mutation of Ala 132, Tyr 135, His 144, Gln 161, Gln 162, Thr         165 or a combination thereof to a basic amino acid, for example,         Arg, Lys or His;     -   vi) mutation of Asn157 to an acidic amino acid, for example, Asp         or Glu;     -   vii) combination of mutations described in i) with those         described in ii) to iii) for the improvement of thermophilicity         and alkalophilicity; or     -   viii) combination of mutations described in i) to vi), above,         with the HML series of mutations as described above (see also         U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,840).

The above description is not intended to limit the claimed invention in any manner, furthermore, the discussed combination of features might not be absolutely necessary for the inventive solution.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be further illustrated in the following examples. However it is to be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only, and should not be used to limit the scope of the present invention in any manner.

Example 1 Construction of Trichoderma reesei Mutant Xylanases

Basic recombinant DNA methods like plasmid preparation, restriction enzyme digestion, polymerase chain reaction, oligonucleotide phosphorylation, ligation, transformation and DNA hybridization were performed according to well-established protocols familiar to those skilled in the art (e.g. Sung et al., 1986) or as recommended by the manufacturer of the enzymes or kit. The buffers for many enzymes have been supplied as part of a kit or made according to the manufacturer's instructions. Restriction enzymes, T4 polynucleotide kinase and T4 DNA ligase were purchased from New England BioLabs Ltd, Mississauga, Ont. GeneAmp PCR reagent kit was purchased from Perkin-Elmer. A precursor plasmid pXYbc, which is a pUC type plasmid with a Bacillus circulans xylanase gene inserted, has previously been prepared and published (Sung et al, 1993; Campbell et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,769). A commonly used E. coli strain, HB101 (Clonetech Lab, Palo Alto, Calif.) was used as a transformation and expression host for all gene constructs. Birchwood xylan and Remazol Brilliant Blue R-D-Xylan were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). Hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (HBAH) was purchased from Aldrich. Oligonucleotides were prepared with an APPLIED BIOSYSTEM DNA synthesizer (model 380B). All xylanase enzymatic assays were performed in a covered circulating water bath (Haake type F 4391) and maintained within a temperature range of ±0.1° C.

1-1: Construction of Precursor Plasmid pTrX Harbouring Synthetic TrX (SEQ ID NO:39)

The precursor plasmid pTrX for mutations disclosed below has been previously published (Sung et al, 1995). This plasmid is derived from a pUC119 plasmid with a synthetic nucleotide sequence encoding a Trichoderma reesei xylanase (TrX; FIG. 2). Expression of this xylanase and other mutant xylanases subsequently described are under the control of the lac Z promoter of the pUC plasmid. The total assembly of the Trichoderma xylanase gene required two stages, initially for the (92-190; Tr2 numbering) region, then followed by the (1 -92; Tr2 numbering) region. The protocol for the construction of this gene is routine and identical to the standard published procedure for many other genes. The protocol requires enzymatic phosphorylation of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotides which encodes a xylanase. This is followed by their ligation into an appropriately cut plasmid.

For the construction of TrX (92-190), ten overlapping oligonucleotides (see FIG. 2):

XyTv-101, SEQ ID NO:29; XyTv-102, SEQ ID NO:30; TrX-103, SEQ ID NO:31; XyTv-104, SEQ ID NO:32; XyTv-105, SEQ ID NO:33; XyTv-106, SEQ ID NO:38; XyTv-107, SEQ ID NO:37; TrX-108, SEQ ID NO:36; XyTv-109, SEQ ID NO:35; and XyTv-110, SEQ ID NO:34 were designed with codon usage frequency imitating that of E. coli. The SaII and BgIII cohesive ends of two terminal oligonucleotides enabled the enzymatic ligation of the ten fragments into the linearized plasmid pXYbc. The ten oligonucleotides (50 pmol, 1 μL for each) encoding the TrX(92-190) region of Trichoderma xylanase were phosphorylated in a mixture containing 10× standard kinase buffer (0.4 μL), 1 mM ATP (4 μL), T4 DNA kinase (5 units), and water (3 μL). Phosphorylation reactions were carried out for 1 h at 37° C. The solutions were then combined and heated to 70° C. for 10 min. After being cooled slowly to room temperature, the combined solutions were added to a mixture of 4 mM ATP (3.5 μL), EcoR1-HindIII linearized plasmid pUC119 (0.1 pmol),and T4 DNA ligase (3.5 μL) and incubated at 12° C. for 20 h. Aliquots of the ligation mixture were used to transform E. coli HB101 on YT plates (8 g yeast extract, 5 g bacto-tryptone, 5 g NaCl, 15 g of agar in 1 L of water) containing ampicillin (100 mg/L).

For the preparation of a hybridization probe, one of the oligonucleotides, for example XyTv-110 (10 pmol, 1 μL) was phosphorylated with ³²P-ATP (10 pmol, 3 μL) using T4 DNA kinase (1 μL), 10× kinase buffer (1 μL), and water (4 μL) at 37° C. for 1 h.

Transformants were selected randomly for hybridization analysis. Colonies were grown on YT plates with ampicillin overnight, and transferred onto nylon filters. They were then denatured with 0.5N NaOH-1.5M NaCl (10 min) and neutralized with 0.5N Tris-HCl (pH 7.0)-1.5M NaCl (10 min). After ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm for 8 min, the filters were washed with 6×SSC-0.05% Triton X-100 for 30 min. Cell debris was scraped off completely. After another 30 min. in fresh solution, duplicate filters were transferred individually into separate mixtures of 6×SSC-1% dextran sulphate-0.05% TritonX-100-1× Denhardt's hybridization fluid. The ³²P-labelled probe was added to the filter. After 16 h at 45° C., the filter was washed twice with 633 SSC-0.05% TritonX-100 at room temperature for 5 min. and then at 65° C. for 30 min. Positively hybridized clones with the intermediate plasmid pBcX-TrX were identified by auto-radiographic analysis.

The above protocol, involving enzymatic phosphorylation of synthetic overlapping oligonucleotides and ligation into a linearized plasmid, was employed in the assembly of the TrX(1-92) region and in the cassette mutagenesis for the subsequent generation of other mutant xylanases described in this invention.

For the assembly of the TrX(1-92; Tr2 numbering) region to complete the full-length Trichoderma reesei xylanase II gene (TrX), the intermediate plasmid pBcX-TrX was linearized by NheI and KpnI endonucleases to release the DNA insert for BcX(1-83). With NheI and KpnI cohesive ends, eight overlapping oligonucleotides:

TrX-1, SEQ ID NO:21; XyTv-2, SEQ ID NO:22; TrX-3, SEQ ID NO:23; XyTv-4, SEQ ID NO:24; XyTv-5, SEQ ID NO:28; TrX-6, SEQ ID NO:27; XyTv-7, SEQ ID NO:26; and TrX-8 SEQ ID NO:25 encoding the TrX(1-91) sequence were ligated into the linearized plasmid pBcX-TrX (FIG. 2), via the protocol described above. The new plasmid pTrX therefore harbored a synthetic TrX gene (SEQ ID NO:39).

All mutant xylanase genes described below have been constructed via the method of cassette mutagenesis. The protocol for cassette mutagenesis was identical to that described for gene assembly described above. Generally, cassette mutagenesis involved (i) enzymatic phosphorylation of overlapping synthetic oligonucleotides, (ii) ligation of synthetic oligonucleotides with a linearized plasmid, (iii) transformation of the plasmid into E. coli HB101 competent cells, (iv) identification of mutant transformants via hybridization with the labelled oligonucleotide, and (v) confirmation of the mutation through dideoxy nucleotide sequencing.

1-2: Construction of the Precursor Plasmid pTrX-HML

The construction of this precursor plasmid pTrX-HML has been described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,840 (see Example 1N, herein incorporated by reference; plasmid termed pN1-TX13). TrX-HML comprises the native TrX xylanase, along with three mutations at N10H (Asn at position 10 is replaced with His), Y27M and N29L. The first thirty amino acids of the sequence comprising N10H, Y27M and N29L are shown below.

TrX                                1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8 amino acid                         Q   T   I   Q   P   G   T   G 5′-CT AGC TAA GGA GG CTG CAG ATG CAA ACA ATA CAA CCA GGA ACC GGT      3′-G ATT CCT CC GAC GTC TAC GTT TGT TAT GTT GGT CCT TGG CCA       NheI                                                   PinAI   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24   Y   H   N   G   Y   F   Y   S   Y   W   N   D   G   H   G   G TAC CAC AAC GGT TAC TTT TAC AGC TAT TGG AAC GAT GGC CAT GGA GGC ATG GTG TTG CCA ATG AAA ATG TCG ATA ACC TTG CTA CCG GTA CCT CCG  25  26  27  28  29  30   V   T   M   T   L   G (SEQ ID NO:58) GTC ACA ATG ACT CTG GGG (SEQ ID NO:52) CAG TGT TAC TGA GAC CCC (SEQ ID NO:53)

1-3: Construction of the Deletion Plasmid pTrX(1-113)

Plasmid pTrX(1-113) comprises nucleotides 1-113 of SEQ ID NO:39 (nucleotides 1-113 of TrX) and cannot express an active xylanase. Such transformants are confirmed by the absence of a clearing zone or halo around the transformant colonies on blue xylan plates.

The new plasmid pTrX(1-113) was constructed via (i) the removal of the TrX(114-190) coding sequence of pTrX through cutting with restriction enzymes BamHI and BgIII, (ii) ligation of the identical cohesive ends of the linearized plasmid, (iii) transformation into the E. coli HB101 competent cells followed by platting on YT plate (containing 5 g yeast extract, 3 g bacto-tryptone, 5 g NaCl, 15 g of agar in 1 L of water, 1 g Remazol Brilliant Blue R-D-xylan) and ampicillin (100 mg/L), (iv) identification of the mutant transformants through the loss of xylanase activity (absence of a clearing zone or halo around the colonies on the blue xylan plate overnight at 40° C.), and (v) confirmation of the mutation through dideoxy nucleotide sequencing. The protocol for each of these steps was similar to that for gene assembly described above.

1-4: Construction of the Deletion Plasmid pTrX-HML(1-113)

Plasmid pTrX-HML(1-113) is similar to pTrX(1-113), but contains three mutations at positions 10, 27 and 29 (Tr2 numbering) of N10H, Y27M and N29L (as described above). The plasmid was constructed with the same protocol as described for pTrX(1-113; see above), in that the sequence encoding the TrX(114-190) region was deleted. The pTrX-HML(1-113) plasmid does not express an active xylanase.

1-5: Construction of pTrX-75A and pTrX-105H

All of the following mutant xylanase genes, based on the pTrX-derived plasmids pTrX(1-113) (see Example 1-3) and pTrX-HML(1-113) (see Example 1-4), were constructed using cassette mutagenesis. PCR primers that harbor specific mutations, were used to create PCR products. These PCR products were used to complete the C-terminal sequence (residues 114-190; Tr2 numbering) of the full length xylanase genes. Appearance of clearing zones or halos around transformant colonies plated on plates containing blue xylan indicated that these colonies expressed an active xylanase and thus provides a marker for clones expressing a functional mutant TrX enzyme.

The protocol for the construction of these plasmids is similar to the protocol previously described for gene assembly (above). The procedure involved:

-   -   i) PCR with primer oligonucleotides bearing specific mutations         at position-75 (in the case of pTrX-75A), or position-105 (in         the case of pTrX-105H),     -   ii) cutting the PCR product with restriction enzymes HindIII at         one end and KasI or EcoRI at the other,     -   iii) ligation of the restriction fragments to the HindIII/KasI-         or EcoRI-linearized deletion plasmid,     -   iv) transformation into E. coli HB101 competent cells,     -   v) identification of mutant transformants expressing xylanase         activity (indicated by the appearance of a clearing zone or halo         surrounding colonies plated on media containing blue xylan), and     -   vi) confirmation of the mutation through dideoxy nucleotide         sequencing.

The two xylanase mutants TrX-75A and TrX-105H comprise the sequence of TrX, with the exception of that the Ser at position 75 was replaced with an Ala residue (S75A) in TrX-75A, and the Leu at position 105 was replaced with a His residue (L105H) in TrX-105H.

The PCR primers used to create these genetically modified xylanases (specific mutation os shown in bold) include:

PCR oligonucleotide primers:

TX-75A-1 (SEQ ID NO:40)   69  70  71  72  73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80    N   G   N   S   Y   L   A   V   Y   G   W   S 5′-T GGG AAT TCA TAC TTA GCC GTC TAT GGC TGG TCT          EcoRI   81   R AG

TX-105H-1 (SEQ ID NO:41)    100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111      T   G   A   T   K   H   G   E   V   T   S   D 5′-ACC GGC GCC ACA AAA CAC GGC GAA GTC ACT AGT GAT          KasI 112 113   G   S GGA TCC Reverse PCR primer TX-C1 comprised:

TX-C1 (SEQ ID NO:42) 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190  ter   G   S   A   S   I   T   V   S CCA AGG CGA TCA TAA TGT CAC TCG ATT TCT AGA                                       BglI ACT TCG AAC CC-5′    HindIII

The appropriate PCR template, oligonucleotide primers, and restriction enzymes to cut the end of the PCR products are listed below in Table 3-1.

TABLE 3-1 Restriction PCR PCR upstream PCR reverse PCR enzymes for product primer primer template PCR product (a) TX-75A-1 TX-C1 pTrX EcoRI/HindIII (b) TX-105H-1 TX-C1 pTrX KasI/HindIII

For the preparation of PCR product (a), plasmid pTrX was used as a template for PCR. The reaction solution contained plasmid pTrX DNA (50 ng, 15 μL), 5 μL 10× buffer (100 mM KCl, 100 mM ammonium sulfate, 200 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 40 mM magnesium sulfate, 1% TritonX-100, 100 mg/ml BSA), 5 μL 5 mM dNTPs, PCR primer TX-75A (25 pmol, 2.5 μL), and reverse PCR primer TX-C1 (25 pmol, 2.5 μL) and water (19 μL).

The reaction was covered with paraffin oil (50 μL) to prevent evaporation. The reaction mixture was pre-warmed to 94° C. without enzyme for 5 min, then the reaction mixture was cooled to 72° C. Subsequently, DNA polymerase (1 μL, 1 U) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was incubated in a temperature cycler for 30 cycles of 94° C. for 1 min., 55° C. for 2 min. and then 72° C. for 2 min. The yield of the PCR product was approximately 1 μg of a 400 bp fragment. This fragment was purified from an agarose gel.

The EcoRI/HindIII-linearized PCR product (a) (Table 3-1) was ligated to the EcoRI/HindIII-linearized pTrX plasmid to generate plasmid pTrX-75A comprising full length xylanase with Ser at position 75 replaced with Ala (S75A).

In the same manner, PCR product (b) (Table 3-1) was prepared and was linearized with the KasI and HindIII restriction nucleases. The linearized product (b) was ligated to the KasI/HindIII-linearized pTrX plasmid to generate plasmid pTrX-105H comprising full length xylanase with Leu at position, 105 replaced with His (L105H).

1-6: Construction of pTrX-HML-105H, pTrX-HML-105K and pTrX-HML-105R

Three mutant xylanases TrX-HML-105H, pTrX-HML-105K and pTrX-HML-105R are similar to TrX-HML except that Leu at position 105 is replaced by His (L105H), Lys (L105K) and Arg (L105R), respectively. As indicated previously, the TrX-HML xylanase is similar to the TrX xylanase except that Asn at position 10 is replaced with His (N10H), Tyr at position 27 is replaced by Met (Y27M) and Asn at position 29 is replaced by Leu (N29L).

A similar PCR product (b) for the synthesis of pTrX-105H was used for the construction of pTrX-HML-105H. The PCR primers with mutation (in bold type) in the construction of pTrX-HML-105K and pTrX-HML-105R are shown below.

Mutation PCR oligonucleotide primers:

TX-105K-1 (SEQ ID NO:43)    100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111      T   G   A   T   K   K   G   E   V   T   S   D 5′-ACC GGC GCC ACA AAA AAA GGC GAA GTC ACT AGT GAT          KasI 112 113   G   S GGA TCC

TX-105R-1 (SEQ ID NO:44)    100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111      T   G   A   T   K   R   G   E   V   T   S   D 5′-ACC GGC GCC ACA AAA AAA GGC GAA GTC ACT AGT GAT          KasI 112 113   G   S GGA TCC

The appropriate PCR template and primers, and the restriction enzymes to cut the end of the PCR products are listed below (Table 3-2).

TABLE 3-2 Restriction PCR PCR upstream PCR reverse PCR enzymes for PCR product primer primer template product (c) TX-105K-1 TX-C1 pTrX KasI/HindIII (d) TX-105R-1 TX-C1 pTrX KasI/HindIII

The PCR products (b) (Table 3-1), (c) and (d) (Table 3-2) were prepared and cut with KasI and HindIII restriction nucleases. The products of the restriction digests (b), (c) and (d) were ligated into a KasI/HindIII-linearized pTrX-HML(1-113) plasmid to generate plasmids pTrX-HML-105H, pTrX-HML-105K and pTrX-HML-105R, respectively.

1-7: Construction of the Plasmids pTrX-HML-75A and pTrX-HML-75A-105H

The two mutant xylanases TrX-HML-75A and TrX-HML-75A-105H are similar to TrX-HML except that Ser at position 75 is replaced by Ala (S75A) in TrX-HML-75A construct, and in TrX-HML-75A-105H Ser at position 75 is replaced by Ala (S75A) and Leu at position 105 is replaced by His (L105H).

The appropriate PCR template and primers, and the restriction enzymes to cut the end of the PCR products are listed below (Table 3-3).

TABLE 3-3 Restriction PCR PCR upstream PCR reverse PCR enzymes for PCR product primer primer template product (e) TX-75A-1 TX-C1 pTrX-105H EcoRI/HindIII

The EcoRI/HindIII-cut PCR products (a) and (e) (Tables 3-1 and 3-3 respectively) were prepared and ligated into KasI/HindIII-linearized pTrX-HML(1-113) plasmid to generate plasmids pTrX-HML-75A and pTrX-HML-75A-105H respectively.

1-8: Construction of pTrX-HML-75A-105R pTrX-HML-75C-105R, pTrX-HML-75G-105R and pTrX-HML-75T-105R

Xylanase mutants TrX-HML-75A-105R, TrX-HML-75C-105R, TrX-HML-75G-105R and TrX-HML-75T-105R are similar to TrX-HML-105R (comprising mutations N10H, Y27M, N29L and L105R), with the exception of an additional single mutation S75A, S75C, S75G and S75T in each of the mutant xylanases, respectively.

The PCR primers with mutations S75C (TX-75C-1; SEQ ID NO:45), S75G (TX75-G-1; SEQ ID NO:46) and S75T (TX-75-T-1; SEQ ID NO:47) are shown below.

Mutation PCR oligonucleotide primers:

TX-75C-1 (SEQ ID NO:45)   69  70  71  72  73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80    N   G   N   S   Y   L   C   V   Y   G   W   S 5′-T GGG AAT TCA TAC TTA TGC GTC TAT GGC TGG TCT          EcoRI  81   R AG

TX-75G-1 (SEQ ID NO:46)   69  70  71  72  73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80    N   G   N   S   Y   L   G   V   Y   G   W   S 5′-T GGG AAT TCA TAC TTA GGC GTC TAT GGC TGG TCT                EcoRI  81   R AG

TX-75T-1 (SEQ ID NO:47)   69  70  71  72  73  74  75  76  77  78  79  80    N   G   N   S   Y   L   T   V   Y   G   W   S 5′-T GGG AAT TCA TAC TTA ACC GTC TAT GGC TGG TCT          EcoRI  81   R AG

The appropriate PCR template and primers, and the restriction enzymes to cut the end of the PCR products are listed below (Table 3-4).

TABLE 3-4 PCR Restriction PCR upstream PCR reverse PCR enzymes for PCR product primer primer template product (f) TX-75A-1 TX-C1 pTrX-HML-105R EcoRI/HindIII (g) TX-75C-1 TX-C1 pTrX-HML-105R EcoRI/HindIII (h) TX-75G-1 TX-C1 pTrX-HML-105R EcoRI/HindIII (i) TX-75T-1 TX-C1 pTrX-HML-105R EcoRI/HindIII

The EcoRI-HindIII-cut PCR products (f), (g), (h) and (i) (see Table 3-4) were prepared and ligated into EcoRI/HindIII-linearized pTrX-HML(1-113) plasmid to generate plasmids pTrX-HML-75A-105R, pTrX-HML-75C-105R, pTrX-HML-75G-105R, and pTrX-HML-75T-105R respectively.

1.9: Construction of the Plasmids pTrX-HML-125A and pTrX-HML-125A129E

The mutants TrX-HML-125A and TrX-HML-125A129E were identical to TrX-HML, with the exception of additional mutations Q125A and I129E.

The intact mutant genes were assembled via the ligation of two DNA sequences encoding the 1-121 and the 122-190 regions. The DNA sequence encoding the 1-121 region was created via deletion of the plasmid pTrX-HML by nucleases NheI and MluI. The DNA sequence encoding the 122-190 region was generated via PCR. The PCR primers with mutation Q125A or Q125A/I129E (in bold type) are shown below.

TX-125A-1 (SEQ ID NO:48)  120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131        Q   R   V   N   A   P   S   I   I   G   T 5′-C CAA CGC GTT AAT GCG CCA TCG ATC ATT GGA ACC         MluI 132 133   A   T GCC ACC

TX-125A129E-1 (SEQ ID NO:49)  120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131        Q   R   V   N   A   P   S   I   E   G   T 5′-C CAA CGC GTT AAT GCG CCA TCG ATC GAG GGA ACC         MluI 132 133   A   T GCC ACC

The appropriate PCR template and primers, and the restriction enzymes to cut the end of the PCR product which is the 122-190 sequence, are listed below (Table 3-5).

TABLE 3-5 Restriction PCR PCR upstream PCR reverse PCR enzymes for PCR product primer primer template product (j) TX-125A-1 TX-C1 pTrX MluI/HindIII (k) TX-125A129E-1 TX-C1 pTrX MluI/HindIII

The two cut DNA sequences 1-121 and 122-190 together constituting an intact xylanase sequence, were ligated to the NheI/HindIII-linearized plasmid pTrX-(1-113) to generate plasmids pTrX-HML-125A and pTrX-HML 125A129E.

1.10: Construction of the plasmid pTrX-HML-75G-105R-125A129E.

The mutant TrX-75G-105R-125A129E was identical to TrX-HML 75G-105R, with the exception of the additional mutations Q125A and I129E.

The intact mutant genes were assembled via the ligation of two DNA sequences encoding the 1-121 and the 122-190 regions. The DNA sequence encoding the 1-121 region prepared through the deletion of plasmid pTrX-HML-75G-105R with restriction nucleases listed below (Table 3-6).

TABLE 3-6 Restriction enzymes for PCR Deletion sequence Precursor plasmid product (A) pTrX-HML-75G-105R NheI/MluI

The DNA sequence encoding the 122-190 region was the same MluI/HindIII-cut PCR product (k) in the Example 1.9 (above).

The cut PCR product (k) and the deletion sequence (A) were ligated to the NheI/HindIII-linearized plasmid pTrX-(1-113) to generate the new plasmids listed below (Table 3-7).

TABLE 3-7 Deletion product PCR product New plasmid (A) (k) pTrX-HML-75G-105R-125A129E

1.11: Construction of the Plasmids pTrX-HML-75G-105H-125A129E, pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A129E and pTrX-HML-75A-105R-125A129E

The mutants TrX-HML-75G-105H-125A129E, pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A129E and pTrX-HML-75A-105R-125A129E were identical to TrX-HML-75G-105R-125A129E, with the exception of the appropriate mutations at residues-75 (S75A or S75G) and -105 (L105H or L105R).

The intact mutant genes were assembled via the ligation of two DNA sequences encoding the 1-101 and the 102-190 regions.

For the preparation of the DNA sequence encoding the 1-101 region, restriction nucleases for the deletion of the appropriate plasmid are listed below (Table 3-8).

TABLE 3-8 Restriction Deletion sequence Precursor plasmid enzymes for PCR product (B) pTrX-HML-75G-105R NheI/KasI (C) pTrX-HML-75A-105R NheI/KasI

For the preparation of the DNA sequence encoding the 102-190 region, polymerase chain reaction was used. The appropriate PCR primers with mutations at position-105 and the restriction enzymes to cut the end of the PCR product are listed below (Table 3-9).

TABLE 3-9 Plasmid pTrX-HML-75G-105R-125A129E as PCR template. PCR PCR upstream PCR Restriction enzymes product primer reverse primer for PCR product (l) TX-105H-1 TX-C1 KasI/HindIII (m) TX-105R-1 TX-C1 KasI/HindIII

The cut PCR product ((l) or (m)) and one of the deletion sequences ((B) or (C)) were ligated to the NheI/HindIII-linearized plasmid pTrX-(1-113) to generate the new plasmids listed below (Table 3-10).

TABLE 3-10 Deletion product PCR product New plasmid (B) (l) pTrX-HML-75G-105H-125A129E (C) (l) pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A129E (C) (m) pTrX-HML-75A-105R-125A129E

1.12. Construction of the Plasmids pTrX-HML-75G-104P105H-125A129E and pTrX-HML-75G-104P105R-125A129E

The mutants TrX-HML-75G-104P105H-125A129E and pTrX-HML-75G-104P105R-125A129E were identical to TrX-HML-75G-105H-125A129E and TrX-HML-75G-105R-125A129E respectively, with the exception of an additional mutation of Lys-104 into proline (K104P).

The intact mutant genes were assembled via the ligation of two DNA sequences encoding the 1-101 and the 102-190 regions.

The DNA sequence encoding the 1-101 region for the three new mutants was the same deletion sequence (B) through the cutting of plasmid pTrX-HML-75G-105R by nucleases NheI and KasI in the Example 1.11 (above).

For the preparation of the DNA sequence encoding the 102-190 region, polymerase chain reaction was used. The PCR primers with mutations at residues-104 and 105 (bold type) have been synthesized.

Mutation PCR oligonucleotide primers:

TX-104P-105H-1 (SEQ ID NO:50)   100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111     T   G   A   T   P   H   G   E   V   T   S   D 5′ACC GGC GCC ACA CCA CAC GGC GAA GTC ACT AGT GAT          KasI 112 GG

TX-104P-105R-1 (SEQ ID NO:51)   100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111     T   G   A   T   P   R   G   E   V   T   S   D 5′ACC GGC GCC ACA CCA CAC GGC GAA GTC ACT AGT GAT          KasI 112 GG

Polymerase chain reaction was conducted. The appropriate primers and restriction enzymes to cut the ends of the PCR product, were listed-below (Table 1-11).

TABLE 1-11 Plasmid pTrX-HML-75G-105R-125A129E as the PCR template, PCR PCR PCR Restriction enzymes product upstream primer reverse primer for PCR product (n) TX-104P-105H-1 TX-C1 KasI/HindIII (o) TX-104P-105R-1 TX-C1 KasI/HindIII

The cut PCR product (n, or o) and the deletion sequence (B) were ligated to the NheI/HindIII-linearized plasmid pTrX-(1-113) to generate the new plasmids listed below (Table 3-12).

TABLE 3-12 Deletion product PCR product New Plasmid (B) (n) pTrX-HML-75G-104P-105H-125A129E (B) (o) pTrX-HML-75G-104P-105R-125A129E

1.13. Construction of the Plasmids pTrX-157D-161R-162H-165H; pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A-129E-132R-135R: pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A-129E-132R-135R-144R; pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A-129E-132R-135R-144R-157D-161R-162H-165H; pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A-135R-144R-157D-161R-162H-165H; and pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A-129E-135R-144R-157D-161R-162H-165H

The mutants: pTrX-157D-161R-162H-165H; pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A-129E132R-135R; pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A-129E-132R-135R-144R; pTrX-H 75A-1O5H-125A-129E-132R-135R-144R-157D-161R-162H-165H; pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A-135R-144R-157D-161R-162H-165H; and pTrX-HML-75A-105H-125A-129E-135R-157D-144R-161R-162H-165H, were prepared essentially as described above using the appropriate primers and templates. The intact mutant genes were assembled via the ligation of two DNA sequences encoding the 1-101 and the 102-190 regions.

Example 2 Characterization of Mutant Xylanases 2-1: Production of Xylanases

The culture conditions comprised a 5 ml culture of overnight innoculant in 2YT medium (16 g bacto-tryptone, 10 g yeast extract, 5 g NaCl, 1 L of water) containing ampicillin (100 mg/L) was added to 2 YT medium (1 L) with ampicillin. The cultures were grown with shaking (200 rpm) at 37° C. After 16 hr, cells were harvested.

2-2: Purification of Mutant Xylanases

Protein samples were prepared from cells by first making an extract of the cells by grinding 10 g of the cell paste with 25 g of alumina powder. After grinding to smooth mixture, small amounts (5 mL) of ice cold buffer A (10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5 for BcX mutants) or buffer B (10 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.6 for TX mutants) were added and the mixture ground vigorously between additions. The alumina and cell debris were removed by centrifugation of the mixture at 8000×g for 30 min.

Prior to column chromatography, the supernatant was adjusted to pH 4.6 by acetic acid and centrifuged to remove any precipitate. The subsequent method for column chromatography was identical for all mutant xylanases.

Following acidification and centrifugation, the xylanase sample was pumped onto a 50 mL bed volume, CM-sepharose fast flow, cation exchange column (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala), equilibrated in 10 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.6). The xylanase was eluted with a 250 mL linear gradient (0 to 0.6M NaCl in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.6) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The xylanases elute at 150 to 200 mL of the gradient. Aliquots from the collected fractions are examined by SDS-PAGE, and those fractions having most of the xylanase present were pooled. The purified xylanase was quantified by spectrophotometry at 280 nm using an extinction coefficient between 54,600-53,400 M⁻¹, for most mutant TrX xylanases. A typical purification from 10 g of cells yielded 25 mg of xylanase.

2-3: Standard Assay for the Measurement of Enzymatic Activity

The quantitative assay determined the number of reducing sugar ends generated from soluble xylan. The substrate for this assay was the fraction of birchwood xylan which dissolved in water from a 5% suspension of birchwood xylan (Sigma Chemical Co.). After removing the insoluble fraction, the supernatant was freeze dried and stored in a dessicator. The measurement of specific activity was performed as follows: Reaction mixtures containing 100 μL of 30 mg/mL xylan previously diluted in assay buffer (50 mM sodium citrate, pH 5.5 or the pH optimum of the tested xylanase), 150 μL assay buffer, and 50 μL of enzyme diluted in assay buffer were incubated at 40° C. At various time intervals 50 μL portions were removed and the reaction stopped by diluting in 1 mL of 5 mM NaOH. The amount of reducing sugars was determined with the hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide reagent (HBAH) (Lever, 1972, Analytical Biochem 47:273-279). A unit of enzyme activity was defined as that amount generating 1 μmol reducing sugar in 1 minute at 40° C.

For comparison of the specific activities between mutant and native xylanases the specific activities of a mutant xylanase was converted to a relative activity. The relative activity is calculated as a percentage, by dividing the specific activity of the mutant enzyme by the specific activity of the native xylanase.

TABLE 4 Relative activity of TrX and native xylanases at 40° C. Xylanase Relative activity (%) native TrX 100* TrX-105H 97 TrX-75A 95 TrX-HML-75A-105H 95 TrX-HML-75A-105R 93 *specific activity of native TrX xylanase determined to be 770 U/mg.

The results depicted in Table 4 indicate that the specific enzymatic activities of the mutant xylanases at 40° C. have not been changed significantly as compared to the native xylanase.

Example 3 Thermophilicity of Mutant Xylanases

Thermophilicity was examined to test the effect of different temperatures on the enzymatic hydrolysis of soluble xylan by different mutant xylanases.

The assay procedure was similar to the standard assay with changes in the incubation temperature and time. The xylanases (15 μg/mL) and soluble xylan substrate, in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer of pH 5.5, were mixed and incubated in a circulating water bath at different temperatures. After a 30 min incubation, the amount of reducing sugars released from xylan was determined by HBAH analysis and was calculated as a relative activity, with the value at 40° C. representing 100%.

The effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of xylan by TrX and TrX-75A xylanases is shown in FIG. 3. The mutant TrX-75A xylanase bearing a single S75A mutation, showed greater enzymatic activity than the natural TrX xylanase at 50, 55, 60 and 65° C. Further, the S75A mutation in the TrX-HML-75A mutant xylanase exhibited greater enzymatic activity than the TrX-HML parent xylanase at 70° C. and 75° C. (FIG. 4). These results suggest that the S75A mutation improves the thermophilicity of TrX and TrX-HML xylanases.

Mutation of Leu 105 to His (L105H) in TrX-HML xylanase to produce the TrX-HML-105H mutant xylanase also exhibited increased enzymatic activity over the parent TrX-HML xylanase at 70 and 75° C. (FIG. 4).

Noteworthy, the combination mutant TrX-HML-75A-105H xylanase exhibited a maximum enzymatic activity at a temperature of 70° C. and further showed greater enzymatic activity than either TrX-HML-75A or TrX-HML-105H single mutant xylanases at 70° C. (FIG. 4). These results suggest the effects of the two mutations S75A and L105H on the thermophilicity of the mutant xylanase are additive or complementary.

Substitution of Asn at position 157 with Asp, Ala at position 161 with Arg (A161R), Gln at position 162 with His (Q162H), and Thr at position 165 with His (T165H) to produce TrX-157D-161R-162H-165H was neutral with respect to, or resulted in a slight increase in, the thermophilicity of this enzyme over that of the parent TrX enzyme (FIG. 15).

A series of TrX-HML xylanases bearing mutations at position-105 were constructed to determine those amino acid residues which enhance the thermophilicity of the parent TrX-HML enzyme (FIG. 5). Three mutants at position 105, TrX-HML-105H, TrX-HML-105R and TrX-HML-105K showed greater enzymatic activity than the precursor TrX-HML enzyme at 70° C. or higher. The three mutations involve substituting Leu at position 105, a relatively hydrophobic branched-chain amino acid with His, Arg and Lys, amino acid residues that are hydrophilic or positively charged or basic. Such mutations enhanced the thermophilicity of the mutant xylanases.

The combination mutant TrX-HML-75A-105R xylanase showed a similar temperature-activity profile to TrX-HML-75A-105H xylanase, suggesting that the S75A and L105R mutations, like the effect of the S75A and L105H are additive or complementary. These results further suggest that basic residues at position 105 enhance the thermophilicity of the xylanases.

In another series of mutant xylanases, position-75 of TrX-HML-105R was mutated to determine those residues which exhibited enhanced thermophilicity (FIG. 6). Three genetically modified xylanase mutants, TrX-HML-75C-105R, TrX-HML-75A-105R and TrX-HML-75G-105R showed greater enzymatic activity than either the precursor TrX-HML-105R xylanase or the TrX-HML xylanase at temperatures greater than 60° C. Interestingly, the fourth mutant TrX-HML-75T-105R xylanse xylanase showed no enhancement in thermophilicity over the precursor TrX-HML-105R xylanase that has a natural Ser residue at position 75. The mutant threonine residue at position 75, like the natural Ser 75 residue found in TrX and TrX-HML parent xylanases, is a hydrophilic amino acid. Collectively, the mutations which involve replacing Ser, a polar amino acid at position 75 with small, nonpolar amino acids, such as but not wishing to be limiting Ala, Gly or Cys lead to an increase in the thermophilicity of the xylanase.

In another series, a mutation of the residue Gln-125 of TrX-HML to Ala (Q125A) resulted in greater activity at higher activity at higher temperatures (FIG. 7). A second mutation of Ile-129 to Glu (I129E) also resulted a modest improvement of the thermophilicity of the xylanase. The advantageous mutations at residues-75, 105, 125 and 129 were then combined together to yield a mutant TrX-HML-75G-105R-125A129E and it showed further improvement of activity at higher temperatures (FIG. 7). Other combination mutants with mutations at residues-75 (S75A or S75G) and -105 (L105H or L105R) have also demonstrated the same improvement of activity at higher temperature (FIG. 8).

In the final series, a mutation of Lys-104 to proline (K104P) also produced a xylanase with much improved thermophilicity similar to the advantageous mutations S75G, L105R or H, Q125A and I129E (FIG. 9).

Example 4 Alkalophilicity of Mutant Xylanases

The alkalophilicity of genetically modified xylanases was examined to test the effect that different pH conditions had on the enzymatic hydrolysis of soluble xylan by mutant xylanases. The assay procedure was similar to the standard assay with changes in the incubation temperature and time. Aliquots of genetically modified xylanases (15 μg/mL) and soluble xylan substrate in 50 mM sodium citrate buffers which varied between pH 4-7 were incubated together at 65° C. Following 30 min incubations, the amount of reducing sugars released from the xylan substrate was determined by HBAH analysis and the enzymatic activity as a function of pH was calculated for a variety of mutant xylanases with the maximal activity taken as 100%.

The effect of pH conditions on the enzymatic activity of single mutant TrX-75A xylanase is shown in FIG. 10. At 55° C., the TrX-75A mutant xylanase displayed maximum activity at a pH which was higher (pH 5.5) than the pH at which the native TrX enzyme exhibits maximum activity (pH 5.0). An increase in enzymatic activity was also exhibited by the mutant in comparison to the natural TrX xylanase at pH conditions of 6.0 and 6.5.

A similar contribution to improved alkalophilicity by the S75A in TrX-75A was also observed for the TrX-HML-75A over the parent TrX-HML xylanase at pH conditions between 6.5 and 7 (FIG. 11).

The L105H mutation in the TrX-HML-105H mutant xylanase also increased the enzymatic activity over the parent TrX-HML xylanase at pH 6.5 and 7.0 (FIG. 11). Interestingly, the combination mutant TrX-75A-105H xylanase showed greater enzymatic activity than either TrX-HML-75A or TrX-HML-105H single mutant xylanases at pH 6.5 and 7.0 (FIG. 11), suggesting that the effects of the S75A mutation and the L105H mutation on the alkalophilicity of the xylanase are additive or complementary.

A series of genetically modified xylanases modified at position 105 were constructed to determine those residues which promote increased alkalophilicity in modified xylanases (FIG. 12). Three mutant xylanases bearing three mutations at position 105, TrX-HML-105H, TrX-HML-105R and TrX-HML-105K showed greater enzymatic activity than the precursor TrX-HML xylanase at pH conditions of 6.5 and 7.0. Collectively, the mutations which lead to increases in alkalophilicity, represent a change of the amino acid at position 105 from a branched chain relatively hydrophobic Leu residue to a residue which is hydrophilic, positively charged or basic.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the hydrophilic, positively charged, or basic residues may facilitate intramolecular packing with other atoms that are juxtapositioned in the same vicinity in the tertiary structure of the xylanase. These residues may stabilize the three dimensional structure of the enzyme against structural perturbations in the molecule which may arise via the titration of several ionizable side-chains of amino aids in other regions of the molecule. Again, without wishing to be bound by theory, the basic ionized form of the side chain may be important in altering the pH activity profile of the enzyme, as at pH conditions between 6 and 7, Arg and Lys residues have side-chains which likely remain protonated. In contrast, His residues having a pKa of approximately 6 in solution for its imidazole moiety could be present in either a protonated or unprotonated form. However, it is known to those skilled in the art that the polarity of the substituents surrounding an amino acid side chain may affect its pKa value. For example, the side chain of a His residue in a polar or hydrophobic region of a protein may exhibit a pKa of 6 whereas the same side-chain in a hydrophobic or apolar environment may exhibit a pKa of 7 or greater.

In another study, mutations were constructed at position 75 of TrX-HML to determine which residues promote increased, alkalophilicity in modified xylanases (FIG. 13). Four xylanases bearing mutations at position 75, TrX-HML-75C-105R, TrX-HML-75A-105R, TrX-75G-105R and TrX-HML-75T-105R showed greater enzymatic activity at pH conditions of 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0, compared to the precursors TrX-HML and TrX-HML-105R xylanases.

The two mutations Q125A and I129E in the mutant xylanases TrX-HML-125A and TrX-HML-125A129, which successfully increased the thermophilicity of the enzymes, have generally not affected their activity at higher pH, as compared to TrX-HML. This specific improvement of thermophilicity but not the alkalophilicity of xylanase, was also demonstrated in a comparison of TrX-HML-75A-105H and the combination mutants TrX-HML-75A-105H-125A129E (FIG. 14). This has also been observed in other mutants TrX-HML-75G-105H-125A129E (FIG. 14), TrX-HML-75A-105R-125A129E and TrX-HML-75G-105R-125A129E.

The substitution of an acidic amino acid at position 157, and basic amino acids at positions 161, 162 and 165 with or without basic amino acid substitutions at positions 132, 135 and 144 also increased alkalophilicity. TrX-HML-AHAE-RR-DRHH, or TrX-HML-AHAE-RRR-DRRH (see full description of substituted amino acids in Table 2) each exhibited an increase in alkalophilicity (FIGS. 18 and 19). These enzymes are also characterized as exhibiting a MEP of about pH 7.0 (FIGS. 18 and 19).

A further increase in alkalophilicity over those outlined above was also obtained by substituting an acidic amino acid at position 157, and basic amino acids at positions 135, 144, 161, 162, 165, and leaving the amino acid at positions 129 and 132 in their native state, for example, TrX-HML-AHA-RR-DRHH (FIGS. 18 and 19). The MEP of TrX-HML-AHA-RR-DRHH is about pH 7.4 (FIGS. 18 and 19).

In summary, improved alkalophilic mutant TrX xylanases may be constructed through i) mutation of Ser 75 to small apolar residues. Without wishing to be limiting these residues may comprise Gly, Ala, and Cys; ii) mutation of Ser 75 to Thr; iii) mutation of Leu 105 to a basic residue such as but not limited to Arg, Lys or His; iv) mutation of Ala 132, Tyr 135, His 144, Gln 161, Gln 162, Thr 165 or a combination thereof to a basic amino acid, for example but not limited to, Arg, Lys or His; v) mutation of Asn 157 to an acidic amino acid Asp or Glu, or vi) combination of mutations described in i) or ii) with those described in iii) and iv) for the improvement of alkalophilicity.

While the present invention has described mutant xylanases which exhibit improved thermophilicity and alkalophilicity and the benefits associated with these enzymes in the production of paper pulp, these mutant xylanases may also be of use in other industrial processes, for example but not limited to the washing of precision devices and semiconductors. Further, by virtue their increased thermophilicity, and thermostability the mutant xylanases may be used in chemical processes that employ small quantities of denaturants or detergents or in the presence of solvents, for example but not limited to small amounts of apolar solvents such as but not limited to hexane, dioxanes, carbontetrachloride, benzene, ethers, chloroform, acetic acid and methylene chloride, and polar solvents such as but not limited to acetone, alcohols, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, sulfolane, dimethylsulfoxide and water.

The present invention has been described with regard to preferred embodiments. However, it will be obvious to persons skilled in the art that a number of variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as described herein.

All references and citations are herein incorporated by reference

REFERENCES

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1. A modified xylanase comprising a substituted amino acid residue at position 75, said position determined from sequence alignment of said modified xylanase with Trichoderma reesei xylanase II amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO:16, wherein said modified xylanase exhibits improved thermophilicity, alkalophilicity, or a combination thereof, in comparison to a corresponding native xylanase.
 2. The modified xylanase of claim 1, wherein said substituted amino acid at position 75 is selected from the group consisting of a non-polar and a polar amino acid.
 3. The modified xylanase of claim 2, wherein said substituted amino acid at position 75 is selected from the group consisting of Ala, Cys and Gly.
 4. The modified xylanase of claim 3, wherein said modified xylanase is derived from a Family 11 xylanase.
 5. The modified xylanase of claim 4, wherein said Family 11 xylanase is a Trichoderma reesei xylanase.
 6. The modified xylanase of claim 3, further comprising a His at position 10, a Met at position 27 and a Leu at position 29 (HML).
 7. The modified xylanase of claim 6, further comprising a basic amino acid at position
 105. 8. The modified xylanase of claim 7, wherein said basic amino acid at position 105 is selected from the group consisting of His, Lys and Arg.
 9. The modified xylanase of claim 8, wherein the xylanase is a Family 11 xylanase.
 10. The modified xylanase of claim 9, wherein said Family 11 xylanase is a Trichoderma reesei xylanase.
 11. The modified xylanase of claim 7, further comprising a non-polar substituted amino acid residue at position 125 and an acidic substituted amino acid residue at position
 129. 12. The modified xylanase of claim 11, wherein said amino acid at position 125 is Ala.
 13. The modified xylanase of claim 11, wherein said acidic substituted amino acid at position 129 is Glu.
 14. The modified xylanase of claim 11, further comprising a non-polar substituted amino acid residue at position
 104. 15. The modified xylanase of claim 14, wherein said non-polar substituted amino acid at position 104 is a Pro.
 16. The modified xylanase of claim 11, further comprising a basic substituted amino acid residue at position 132, and a basic substituted amino acid residue at position
 135. 17. The modified xylanase of claim 11, further comprising a basic substituted amino acid residue at position 135 and a basic substituted amino acid residue at position
 144. 18. The modified xylanase of claim 17, further comprising a substituted amino acid residue at position 157, a substituted amino acid residue at position 161, a substituted amino acid at position 162, and a substituted amino acid residue at position 165, each of said substituted amino acids at positions 161, 162 and 165 is a basic amino acid and said substituted amino acid residue at position 157 is an acidic amino acid.
 19. The modified xylanase of claim 16, further comprising a substituted amino acid at position 144, a substituted amino acid residue at position 157, a substituted amino acid at position 161, a substituted amino acid at position 162, and a substituted amino acid at position 165, each of said substituted amino acids at positions 144, 161, 162 and 165 is a basic amino acid and said substituted amino acid residue at position 157 is an acidic amino acid.
 20. A modified xylanase according to claim 1, wherein said modified xylanase has a maximum effective temperature (MET) between about 69° C. and about 78° C., or wherein said modified xylanase has a maximum effective pH (MEP) between about pH 5.8 and about pH 7.6, and wherein said modified xylanase is a Family 11 xylanase obtained from a Trichoderma sp.
 21. The modified xylanase of claim 20, wherein said MET is between about 70° and about 75° C.
 22. The modified xylanase of claim 20, wherein said modified xylanase has a maximum effective pH (MEP) between about pH 5.8 and about pH 7.6 and has a maximum effective temperature (MET) between about 69° C. and about 78° C.
 23. The modified xylanase of claim 21, wherein said modified xylanase has a maximum effective pH (MEP) between about pH 6.5 and about pH 7.4.
 24. The modified xylanase of claim 2, wherein said substituted amino acid at position 75 is a non-polar amino acid.
 25. The modified xylanase of claim 24, wherein said non-polar amino acid is selected from the group consisting of Ala and Gly. 